金丝翼善冠
“繁花锦绣”捧盒 吴燕
“好事成双”柿子捧盒 吴燕
【艺术手札】
花丝镶嵌制作技艺作为“燕京八绝”之一,于2008年被列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。花丝镶嵌又称细金工艺,是“花丝”和“镶嵌”两种制作技艺的结合,作为中华民族历史上的千载古艺,其精致、细腻、华丽的特色代表了金银器传统工艺的巅峰。
当人们看到一件花丝镶嵌作品时,往往无法用语言来形容它的美。360度全景观看,每个角度都婀娜多姿,美轮美奂,仿佛不是人为,而出自天工。但人们对花丝镶嵌的了解相对匮乏,即便在北京,对它的认知度也并不算高。究其原因,一方面是因为其工艺繁复、用料昂贵,古时多为皇家所用,百姓在民间很难见到;另一方面是其制作过程漫长而枯燥,需要具有虔诚之心及坚定意志的人来完成,很多人往往沉不住气,半途而废。
我国的花丝镶嵌制作技艺成熟于秦汉时期,出土的汉代花丝镶嵌器物数量相对较多,到东汉时制作技艺更加成熟。魏晋南北朝至唐宋元时期,该制作技艺得到不断发展与完善。唐朝国力强盛,经济繁荣,文化发达,花丝镶嵌制作技艺进入全新的发展阶段。两宋时期,金银器的制作风格不再像唐代那样气势恢宏、雍容华贵,而是追求新颖雅致的格调,充满了生活气息,具有典型的时代特色。到了元代,北方游牧民族的花丝镶嵌制作工艺则较为简洁,讲究实用性。
明代万历皇帝的金丝翼善冠,被认为是中国古代花丝镶嵌制作技艺的代表作之一。精妙细腻的花丝镶嵌工艺一直为宫廷御用,所谓“花丝万缕织金冠,妙手镶嵌有乾坤”,正是对这项精妙工艺的高度概括。可以说,花丝镶嵌织就了一部古代皇家珠宝史。及至清代,皇家金银器的制作更加奢华,追求雍容华贵、富丽堂皇之感。
正是经历了明清两代的发展,皇城脚下才形成了当今独特的北京花丝镶嵌制作技艺。北京的花丝镶嵌工艺最为齐全,发展出了独特的皇家宫廷艺术风格,以编织、堆垒等技艺见长。一件精美的花丝镶嵌工艺品往往是多种工艺的结合,制作工序极为复杂。首先要制成胎型,施以花丝、锼、錾等工艺,再经烧焊,制成半成品,然后经过酸洗、烧蓝、镀金、压亮、镶嵌等工序才算最终完成。
近年来,随着国家对中华传统非遗文化的重视以及文化自信的不断增强,我们欣喜地看到,非遗国礼频频亮相国际展会,中国传统非遗技艺展演等活动层出不穷,“大国工匠”的评选与技术交流、工艺美术实训基地的建立以及非遗技艺进入中小学校园……非遗技艺作为中华优秀传统文化的载体,得到了继承与发扬,薪火相传、后继有人。
在当今的市场经济环境下,非遗传统技艺产品想要突出重围,获得一席之地,就要从思维上创新,从技术上改良。通过多年来对工艺的探索以及从事产品开发积累的经验,我认为工艺美术产品在创新过程中要遵循艺术与市场的发展规律,创新既要体现出工艺的特色、时代的特征,同时在设计理念上还要符合当今市场的需求,精准定位,适时转变发展的方向。
传统的花丝镶嵌技艺因消耗较多的贵金属材料与人工成本,价格过高,制作周期较长,难以得到市场认可。怎样才能突破这一瓶颈呢?可以从材料的选择以及搭配比例上进行调整。笔者在创作“好事成双”柿子捧盒时,便融入了将贵金属与其他材质相结合的理念。在拟定设计方案时,我选用了传统中式的红与金二色,给人以高贵典雅的享受。盒盖部分运用花丝镶嵌工艺,大面积的盒身则选用铜胎景泰蓝工艺。花丝的金与景泰蓝的红相映生辉,端庄大气,同时也节约了材料成本,两全其美。
在设计“有凤来仪·凤冠套装”时,我则运用3D建模技术进行了最初设计效果图的制作,不仅可以快速呈现出产品各角度的效果,还可以及时调整产品结构中不妥当的地方,比手工制作完成之后再调整要节约出大量的时间和精力。在实际制作中,我将手工工艺与机制工艺相结合,最终的呈现效果毫不逊色于纯手工制作,不仅节省了大量人工成本,且能够形成量产,便于销售。这些产品试制的成功案例,很大程度上增强了我们工艺美术从业人员的信心。在当今的信息时代,适当地引入计算机辅助手段,改变传统设计制作的流程,这些技术变革大大促进了传统工艺美术产品的创新与发展。
弘扬中华优秀传统文化,传承工艺美术非遗技艺,希望有更多的人能够爱上花丝镶嵌并将其传承下去,让这项巧夺天工的古老技艺继续在人间闪耀着迷人的光彩。
(作者:吴燕,系北京工艺美术大师、北京市高级工艺美术师)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |